OSO.90 - part 2 (translated)

3,112 Biological processAssimilation by bacteria and other microorganisms of the organic matter ofremainder, for its stabilization.133,113 Activated mud processResidual water treatment in which a mixture is put under ventilation(licor mixed) of activated mud and residual water. The mixed licor isput under sedimentation for its later recirculation or mud dispositionactivated.3,114 Anaerobic reactor of ascending flowContinuous process of anaerobic residual water treatment in whichremainder circulates in ascending form through a mud mantle or filter,for the partial stabilization of the organic matter. The remainder flows ofprocess by the superior part and normally obtains gas like by-product.3.115 Oxygen requirementNecessary amount of oxygen for the aerobic stabilization of the matterorganic and used in the reproduction or cellular synthesis and the metabolismendogenous.3,116 Reuso of residual watersResidual water use properly treated for an intentionspecific.3,117 Final sedimentationTo see secondary sedimentation.3,118 Primary sedimentationRemoval of settleable material present in crude residual waters.This process requires the later treatment of praised/poured off mud.3,119 Secondary sedimentationProcess of separation of the biomass in suspension produced inbiological treatment.3,120 Combined systemSystem of sewage system that receives residual water and rainwater ofdomestic or industrial origin.3,121 Individual system of treatmentSystem of treatment for a house or a reduced number of houses.3.122 Active solidsPart of the volatile solids in suspension that representmicroorganisms.3,123 SSVTAVolatile solids in suspension in the ventilation tank.3,124 Séptico tankIndividual system of residual water disposition for a house orset of houses that combines the sedimentation and the digestion. The efluenteit is arranged by percolación in the land and settled solids and14accumulated they are removed periodically in manual or mechanical form.3,125 Rate of filtrationSpeed of application of the residual water to a filter.3.126 ToxicsChemical composed elements or able to cause damage by contact orsistémica action to plants, animals and to the man.3,127 Advanced treatmentProcess of fisicoquímico or biological treatment to reach a degree oftreatment superior to the secondary treatment. It can imply the removal ofseveral parameters like:_ solid removal in suspension (microsifted, chemical clarification,filtration, etc.);_ removal of organic complexes dissolved (absorption, oxidationchemistry, etc.);_ inorganic compound removal dissolved (distillation,electrodiálisis, ionic interchange, inverse osmosis, chemical precipitation,etc.);_ removal of nutrients (nitrificación-denitrificación, degassing ofammoniac, chemical precipitation, assimilation, etc.).3,128 Anaerobic treatmentStabilization of an organic remainder by action of microorganisms inoxygen absence.3,129 Biological treatmentProcesses of treatment that intensifies the action of the microorganisms stopto stabilize the organic matter present.3,130 Conventional treatmentProcess of well-known and used affluent treatment actually. Generallyone talks about processes of primary or secondary treatment frequently andthe disinfection by means of cloración is included. The processes are excluded fromtertiary or advanced treatment.3,131 Joint treatmentDomestic and industrial residual water treatment in the same plant.3,132 Mud treatmentProcesses of stabilization, mud preparation and dehydration.3,133 Treatment in the landApplication on the land of residual waters partially dealt withthe aim to reach an additional treatment.3,134 Preliminary treatment15To see pre-cure.3,135 Primary treatmentRemoval of a considerable amount of matter in suspension without includingcolloidal and dissolved matter.3,136 Chemical treatmentApplication of chemical compounds in residual waters to obtainwished result; it includes/understands the processes of precipitation, coagulation,mud flocculation, preparation, disinfection, etc.3,137 Secondary treatmentLevel of treatment that allows to obtain the removal of organic matterbiodegradable and solid in suspension.3,138 Tertiary treatmentAdditional treatment to the secondary one. To see advanced treatment (To see 3,127).4 GENERAL DISPOSITIONS4,1 Object of the treatment4.1.1 The objective of the treatment of residual waters is to improve its quality stopsto fulfill the norms of quality of the receiving body or the norms ofreusability.4.1.2 The objective of the mud treatment is to improve its quality for its dispositionend or its advantage.4,2 Basic direction for the design4.2.1 The fundamental requirement before coming to the preliminary or definitive design froma plant of residual water treatment, is to have made the studyof the receiving body. The study of the receiving body will have to considermore unfavorable conditions. The treatment degree will be determined ofagreement with the norms of quality of the receiving body.4.2.2 In the case of advantage of efluentes of plants of treatment ofresidual waters, the treatment degree will be determined in accordance withthe requirements of quality for each type of advantage according tonorm.4.2.3 Once determined the degree of required treatment, the design it mustto take place in agreement with the following stages:4.2.3.1 Study of feasibility, the same one that has the following components:16_ domestic and industrial residual water Characterization;_ basic information (geologic, geotécnica, hidrológica and topographic);_ determination of the present and future volumes;_ I contribute per capita present and future;_ selection of the treatment processes;_ presizing of treatment alternatives;_ evaluation of environmental impact and vulnerability before disasters;_ técnicoeconomica feasibility of the alternatives and selection of the plusfavorable.4.2.3.2 Definitive design of the plant that includes/understands_ additional studies of characterization that are required;_ geologic, geotécnicos and topographic studies in detail;_ studies of tratabilidad of residual waters, with the use of plants ascale of laboratory or pilot, when the case amerite;_ sizing of the processes of treatment of the plant;_ sanitary hydraulic design;_ structural design, mechanics, electrical and architectonic;_ flat and technical memory of the project;_ referential budget and formula of readjustment of prices;_ engineering specifications for the construction and_ manual of operation and maintenance.4.2.4 According to the size and importance of the installation that is going away to design,they will be able to combine the two mentioned stages of design, previous authorizationof the competent authority.4.2.5 All plant of treatment will have to count on perimetric wall and measures ofsecurity.4.2.6 According to the size and importance of the treatment system, it will haveto consider infrastructure complementary: houses of monitoring, warehouse,laboratory, house of the operator and other facilities that indicatecompetent organism. These facilities will be obligatory for thosedesigned systems of treatment for an equal or greater population of 25000inhabitants and others of so large minor that the competent organism considersof importance.4,3 Norms for the feasibility studies4.3.1 The técnicoeconomica feasibility studies are obligatory for allcities with sewage system system.4.3.2 For the domestic residual water characterization it will be made, for eachimportant unloading, five campaigns of measurement and hour sampling of 24hours of duration and one will determine the volume and temperature in the field. campaigns must take place in days different from the week. Fromhour sampling compound samples will be satisfied; all the samplesthey will have to be preserved according to the standard methods for analysis17of residual waters. In the compound samples it will be determined likeminimum the following parameters:_ biochemical demand of oxygen (DBO) 5 days and 20ºC;_ chemical demand of oxygen (DQO);_ coliformes fecales and totals;_ parasitic (mainly intestinal nematodes);_ solid totals and in suspension including the volatile component;_ ammoniacal and organic nitrogen; and_ solid sedimentables.4.3.3 The statistical analysis of the generated data will take place and if they arerepresentative, it will be come to extend the characterization campaigns.4.3.4 For the determination of volumes of the unloadings they will take place likeminimum five additional campaigns of hour measurement during the 24 hoursof the day and in days that are considered representative. With those datait will come to determine of great volume the average and hour maximumrepresentative of each unloading. The volumes will be related topopulation present contributor of each unloading to determinecorresponding contributions per capita of residual water. In case of existingindustrial unloadings within the sewage system system, will calculatedomestic and industrial volumes separately. Of being possiblethey will carry out measurements to determine the amount of water of infiltration tosewage system system and the contribution of illicit connections of pluvial drainage.In systems of sewage system of combined type the contribution will have to studypluvial.4.3.5 In case of new systems the of great volume means of design will be determinedtaking as it bases the served population, the water dowries stophuman consumption and the contained factors of contribution in the norm ofsewage system networks, considering itself in addition the infiltration volumes andI contribute industrialists.4.3.6 For communities without sewage system system, the determination ofcharacteristics must take place more calculating the mass of the parametersimportant, from the contributions per capita according to it is indicated in the following onepicture.CONTRIBUTIONS PER CAPITA FOR DOMESTIC RESIDUAL WATERSPARAMETERS- DBO 5 days, 20ºC, g/(hab.d) 50- Solid in suspension, g/(hab.d) 90- NH3 - N like N, g/(hab.d) 8- N total Kjeldahl like N, g/(hab.d) 12- total Phosphorus, g/(hab.d) 3- Coliformes fecales. Nº of bacteria/(hab.d) 2x1011- Salmonella Sp., Nº of bacteria/(hab.d) 1x108- Nematodes intes., Nº of eggs/(hab.d) 4x105184.3.7 In the communities in where sampling has been made, it will be relatedmass of DBO polluting agents, solids in suspension and nutrients,coliformes and parasites with the populations contributors, to determineit contributes per capita of the indicated parameters. The contribution per capita domestic eindustrialist will calculate separately.4.3.8 In cities with sépticos tanks one will evaluate the volume and mass ofdifferent parameters from the mud of sépticos tanks that it can be unloadedto the plant of residual water treatment. This boosting charge will betake into account for the design of the processes of the following form:_ for systems of stabilization lagoons and ditches of oxidation,unloading will be accepted to the entrance of the plant._ for other types of plants with mud treatment, the unloading will beaccepted to the entrance of the process of digestion or in the beds ofdrying.4.3.9 With the collected information the bases of the design will be determined ofplant of residual water treatment. A horizon will be considered ofdesign (period of design) between 20 and 30 years, the same one that will beproperly justified before the competent organism. The design basesthey consist of determining for present, future conditions (final of the periodof design) and intermediate (every five years) the values of the following onesparameters._ population total and served by the system;_ of great volume means of domestic, industrial origin and of infiltration tosystem of sewage system and pluvial drainage;_ of great volume hour maximum and minimum;_ contributes per capita of domestic residual waters;_ contributes per capita of DBO, nitrogen and solids in suspension;_ mass of unloading of polluting agents, such as: DBO, nitrogen andsolids; and_ concentrations of polluting agents like: DBO, DQO, solids insuspension and coliformes in the residual water.4.3.10 The of great volume means of design will be determined adding the of great volume average ofdomestic residual waters, plus the volume of industrial efluentesadmitted to the system of sewage system and of great volume means of infiltration. pluvial water volume will not be considered for this case. The volumesin excess caused by the pluvial drainage they will be turned aside before the entranceto the plant of treatment by means of lightening structures.4.3.11 In no case the residual water unloading will be allowed without treatment aa receiving body, even though the studies of the receiving body indicate thatthe treatment is not necessary. The minimum treatment that will have to receiveresidual waters before their unloading, will have to be the primary treatment.4.3.12 Once determined the treatment degree, it will be come to the selection from19the processes of treatment for residual waters and muds. One will occurspecial consideration to the removal of intestinal parasites, in case ofto require itself. Processes will be selected that can be constructed andmaintained without greater difficulty, reducing to the minimum mechanization andautomatization of the units and avoiding the import of parts to the maximumand equipment.4.3.13 For the selection of the processes of treatment of residual watersit will use as it guides the values of the following picture:Removal (%)Removal(cycles log10)Process of treatmentDBOSolids insuspensionBacteriaHelmintosPrimary sedimentation25-3040-700-10-1Activated muds (a)70-9570-950-20-1Percoladores filters (a)50-9070-900-20-1Aeradas lagoons (b)80-90(c)1-20-1Ditches of oxidation (d)70-9580-951-20-1Lagoons of stabilization(e)70-85(c)1-61-4(a) preceded and followed of sedimentation(b) includes secondary lagoon(c) dependent of the type of lagoonssedimentation (d) followed(e) depending on the number of lagoons and other factors like: temperature,period of retention and forms of the lagoons.4.3.14 Once selected the processes of treatment for residual watersand muds, will be come to the sizing of alternatives. In this stageit will determine the number of units of the processes that are going away to construct inthe different phases from implementation and other components of the plant oftreatment, like: pipes, channels of interconnection, constructions stopouter operation and control, adjustments, etc. Also, they will be determinedheadings of operation and maintenance, as consumption of energy and personnelnecessary for the different phases.4.3.15 In the técnicoeconomica study of feasibility the different ones will be analyzedalternatives in relation to the type of technology: requirements of the land,teams, energy, necessity of personnel specialized for the operation,trustworthiness in operations of medium repair and situations ofemergency. The conditions will be analyzed in which it will be admittedtreatment of industrial residual waters. For the economic analysis20they will determine the direct, indirect costs and of operation and maintenance ofthe alternatives, in agreement with an appropriate method of comparison. they will determine the greater costs of the treatment of industrial efluentesadmitted and the mechanisms to cover these costs.In case of being required, the impact will be determined in approximate form oftreatment on the tariffs. With this information it will be come to the selectionof the most favorable alternative.4.3.16 The feasibility studies will have to be accompanied of evaluations ofthe environmental impacts and of vulnerability before disasters of each one ofthe alternatives, as well as the corresponding measures of mitigación.4,4 Norms for the studies of basic engineering4.4.1 The intention of the studies of basic engineering is to develop informationadditional so that the definitive designs can be conceived with the greater onesecurity degree. Between the works that can be made in this levelthey find:4.4.2 Additional studies of characterization of residual waters or remaindersindustrialists who can require themselves to collect data that have the greater oneconfidence degree.4.4.3 Geologic and geotécnicos studies that are required for the designs oflaying of foundations of the different units from the treatment plant. studies of ground mechanics are of particular importance in the design ofstabilization lagoons, specifically for the design of the docks,waterproofing of the bottom and earthwork in general.4.4.4 Of greater importance, mainly for cities of great size and withprocess of biological treatment, is the tratabilidad studies, for one orseveral of the domestic or industrial residual water unloadings thatadmit.4.4.4.1 The purpose of the studies of biological tratabilidad is to determine in formexperimental the behavior of the biomass that will carry out the work ofbiodegradación of the organic matter, as opposed to different conditionsclimatic and of feeding. In some circumstances one will beto determine the behavior of the treatment process, in front of substancesinhibiting or toxic. The most important results of these studies are:_ the kinetic constants of biodegradación and mortality of bacteria;_ the requirements of energy (oxygen) of the process;_ the amount of produced biomass, the same one that must treat andto arrange itself later; and_ the environmental conditions of design of the different processes.4.4.4.2 These studies must be carried out for cities with one obligatorilypresent population (referred the date of the study) greater to 75000 inhabitants and21others of so large minor that the competent organism considers ofimportance by its possibility of growth, the immediate water use ofreceiving body, the presence of industrial unloadings, etc.4.4.4.3 The tratabilidad studies will be able to be carried out in plants on scale oflaboratory, with a capacity of around 40 l/d or plants on scale pilotwith a capacity of around 40-60 m3/d. The type, size and sequenceof the studies they will be determined in agreement with the specific conditionsof the remainder.4.4.4.4 For the treatment with activated muds, including the oxidation ditches andaeradas lagoons will settle down at least three conditions of operationof “edad of lodo” in order to cover an interval with values between the conditionsinitials until the end of the operation. In these studies they will take placemeasurements and determinations necessary to validate the results withsuitable balance of energy (oxygen) and nutrients.4.4.4.5 For the biological filters at least three conditions will settle down oforganic operation of “carga volumétrica” for the same criterion previouslyindicated.4.4.4.6 The tratabilidad for stabilization lagoons will take place in a lagoonnear, in case of existing. A model of appropriate temperature will be usedfor the zone and the weather datas of the station will be processed morenear, for the simulation of the temperature. Additionally it will be determined,in experimental form, the coefficient of mortality of fecales coliformes andcorresponding factor of temperature correction.4.4.4.7 For industrial remainders the type of biological tratabilidad will be determined orfísicoquimica that is required in agreement with the nature of the remainder.4.4.4.8 When it is considered advisable are made in additional form, studies ofinorganic tratabilidad to develop criteria of design of other processes,like for example:_ tests of sedimentation in columns, for the design ofprimary sedimentadores;_ tests of sedimentation and espesamiento, for the design ofsecondary sedimentadores;_ tests of chemical metering for the neutralization process;_ tests of jars for físicoquimico treatment; and_ tests of tratabilidad for several concentrations of remaindersdangerous.5 SPECIFIC DISPOSITIONS FOR DEFINITIVE DESIGNS5,1 General aspects5.1.1 In the case of cities with system of combined sewage system, the design of22treatment system will have to be subject to a careful analysis stopsto justify the sizing of the processes of the plant for conditionsover the average. The volume of design of arrival works andpreliminary treatments will be the maximum schedule calculated without the contributionpluvial.5.1.2 An overflow will be included before the entrance to the plant so that it works whenvolume exceeds the hour maximum volume of design of the plant.5.1.3 For the definitive design of the treatment plant one will be due to count likeminimum with the following basic information:_ detailed topographical survey of the zone where they will be locatedunits of treatment and the zone of unloading of the efluentes;_ studies of agricultural development urban or that can exist in the zonechosen for the treatment;_ necessary geologic and geotécnicos data for the structural design ofthe units, including the phreatic level;_ hidrológicos data of the receiving body, including the maximum level offlood for possible protective installations;_ climatic data of the zone; and_ availability and trustworthiness of the service of electrical energy.5.1.4 The product of the definitive design of a plant of water treatmentresidual it will consist of two documents:_ the definitive study and_ technical file.These documents will have to appear having in consideration thathiring of the execution of works will have to include the beginning ofthe treatment plant.5.1.4.1 The documents to appear include/understand:_ technical memory of the project;_ the indicated basic information in numeral 5.1.3;_ the results of the study of the receiving body;_ results of the characterization of residual waters and the testsof tratabilidad of being necessary;_ sizing of the treatment processes;_ results of the evaluation of environmental impact; and_ manual of operation and maintenance.5.1.4.2 The technical file will have to contain:_ Flat at level of work execution, within which, without characterlimitante must be included:- general planimetry of the work, location of the units oftreatment;23- hydraulic and sanitary designs of the processes and interconnectionsbetween processes, which include/understand plant planes, cuts,hydraulic profiles and other constructive details;- flat structural, mechanical, electrical and architectonic;- flat of general works like protective installations, ways,inner adjustments, laboratories, house of the operator, house ofguardianía, perimetric walls, etc.;_ descriptive memory._ engineering specifications_ analysis of unit costs_ metrados and estimated_ formulas of readjustments of prices_ documents related to the processes of licitation, awarding,work supervision, reception and other that the competent organismconsider of importance.